Contents
- Introduction
- History and development
- Components of the irrigation system
- Drip system type
- Good and negative
- Overview of Futuristic Drip Irrigation Systems in India: Questions and Answers
- Description
- Hydraulics in the flow regime
- Reynolds number
- Darcy-Weisbach equation
- William the Hazan
- Hydraulic plant suppliers
- Change supplier
- Irrigation and productivity
- Questions and answers
- Description
- Drawing techniques
- Plants need water.
- The soil distributes and withdraws water.
- The number of suppliers per facility is selected.
- System capabilities
- Questions and answers
- Description
- Network diagram
- Hydraulic fluid/pressure loss in lines
- Graphic design
- Examples of agricultural drip systems
- Questions and answers
- Description
- Providers
- Introduction
- Provider types Questions and answers
- Fertilization
- Introduction
- Fertilizer
- Pump system
- Fertilizer application rate
- Questions and answers
- Description
- Low-cost discount system
- Channel
- Hydration system performance
- Questions and answers
- Description
- Irrigation
- History of irrigation
- The article discusses the advantages and limitations of irrigation.
- Types of sprinkler systems and components
- A diagram of the irrigation system
- Questions and answers
- Description
- Annex H: Loss of title due to the irrigation list
Preface
Water is now becoming a valuable commodity. The demand for irrigation water has increased many times over the years to create more irrigation facilities, but also to increase crop production and provide food and fiber to our growing population.
Irrigating a larger area without proper management can stress water resources and negatively impact production and productivity. Microirrigation, which includes both irrigation and drip irrigation, is by far the most effective irrigation system.
Microirrigation has many advantages over conventional irrigation. However, using the method effectively requires knowledge and skill.
For agricultural science students, irrigation professionals, and workers, this Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation book serves as a textbook on irrigation methods and practices. In addition to standard and short problems, the book contains good numerical examples and assignments to inform students about the requirements, challenges, and possible solutions in the study process. Each chapter of the book has multiple-choice questions to help students crack competitive exams.
The author is grateful to the Indian National Committee for Irrigation and Irrigation (INCID), Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. This book includes a request for financial assistance from India to carry out research studies whose results appear to be relevant. The author gratefully acknowledges the support of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya and all my esteemed colleagues who encouraged me to continue. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation for my students’ constant persuasion efforts, without which nothing would be visible. The author would like to thank the authors and researchers of the various books, publications, monographs, and published and unpublished articles from which the contents of this book are excerpted. We make every effort to identify the information’s source. If something goes wrong, we won’t tolerate it and will fix it if you mention or point it out.
I would like to thank NIPA for funding the publication of this book. Irrigation is an effective method of applying an amount of water under the crop equal to the plant’s application rate, thereby reducing natural water losses such as percolation, runoff, and soil erosion.
It is a method where water is gradually applied to the surface, above or below the ground surface, underground, using a sprinkler, spray, or impact system. The dripirrigation method also allows for the application of fertilizer. We will place sprayers or applicators close to the plants to spray water in the form of drops, small streams, or small sprays. IThe drip system applies water in all directions to the soil outside the source, starting from the source’s development point.Effective irrigation involves low-rate, low-pressure, long-term application, and long-term retention of water in the root zone. Other terms for irrigation include local irrigation, daily stream irrigation, daily irrigation, multi-year irrigation, and microirrigation.
The unique name of irrigation is gaining popularity worldwide due to the preference of the people living in that region. The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) suggested the term irrigation, while the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) preferred it. People claim that irrigation in India is on the decrease. 1. 2 History and development The history of irrigation in BC encompasses surface area, gravity, and its history. The history of irrigation dates back to 6000 BC. Ancient civilizations flourished along the banks of the Nile, Kaplan, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers.
Irrigation is considered a new and improved method of irrigation.Germany conducted experiments in the 1860s using clay pipes connected to underground points to follow the basic idea of irrigation..
In the 1920s, wire mesh took its place. Some activity in Colorado followed in 1913. In the 1930s, irrigation began in Australia using 5 cm galvanized steel pipes with triangular holes. In the early 1940s, an Israeli engineer named Simcha Blass noticed that a large tree near a broken tap was growing faster than other trees in the area that did not have ample tap water. This research gave him the idea of a drip irrigation system that would use very little water.
He eventually designed and patented an irrigation system. Irrigation in Denmark began after World War II with the installation of large plastic pipes. England later adopted the practice.
Drip irrigation achieved enormous success in Israel’s Negev and Arava deserts in the early 1960s. Later, they demonstrated it in the United States, where it quickly gained popularity. Commercial sales of modern irrigation systems began outside Israel in 1969. They are mainly located in the USA, Australia, and Mexico, as well as in Israel, Canada, Cyprus, France, Iran, New Zealand, Great Britain, Greece, and India. The area under drip irrigation increased from just 40 hectares in 1960 to 54,600 hectares in 1975. It increased to 412,760 hectares in 1981 and to 1,784,846 hectares in 1991. The International Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Micro Irrigation, conducted a global survey in 1991 and found that 35 countries worldwide were involved in irrigation. The top 606,000,000 hectares were in the United States, and the bottom 30 hectares were in Ecuador. India ranked seventh with 70,859 hectares.
Indian irrigation in India was practiced using indigenous methods, such as bamboo pipes, perforated clay pipes, and jar/bowl irrigation. Tribal farmers of Meghalaya use bamboo to create long pipes with varying diameters (50-100 cm) for drip irrigation of betel, pepper, and areca plants. Mountain streams serve as the source of water, with the discharge rate directing them towards the mountain.
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