Contents
- Introduction
- Types of material failures
- Design and material selection
- Technological Challenge
- Economic Importance of Fracture
- Structure and Deformation in Materials
- Introduction
- Bonding in Solids
- Structure in Crystalline Materials
- Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength
- Inelastic Deformation
- A Survey of Engineering Materials
- Introduction
- Alloying and processing metals
- Iron and steel
- Nonferrous Metals
- Polymers
- Ceramics and glassware
- Composite Materials
- Materials Selection for Engineering Components
- Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Other Basic Tests
- Introduction
- Introduction to Tension Test
- Engineering Stress–Strain Properties
- Trends in Tensile Behavior
- True Stress–Strain Interpretation of the Tension Test
- Compression Test
- Hardness Tests
- Notch-Impact Tests
- Bending and Torsion Tests
- Stress–Strain Relationships and Behavior
- Introduction
- Models for Deformation Behavior
- Elastic Deformation
- Anisotropic Materials
- Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain
- Introduction
- Plane Stress
- Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress
- Three-Dimensional States of Stress
- Stresses on the Octahedral Planes
- Complex States of Strain
- Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses
- Introduction
- General Form of Failure Criteria
- The Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criteria
- Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion
- Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion
- Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria
- Coulomb–Mohr Fracture Criterion
- Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion
- Additional comments on the failure criteria
- Introduction
- Preliminary Discussion
- Mathematical Concepts
- Application of K to Design and Analysis
- Additional Topics on Application of K
- Fracture Toughness Values and Trends
- Plastic Zone Size and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM
- Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing
- Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity
- Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based Approach
- Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue: Notched Members
- Fatigue Crack Growth
- Plastic deformation behavior and models for materials
- Stress–Strain Analysis of Plastically Deforming Members
- A strain-based approach to fatigue
- Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping
- Review of Selected Topics from Mechanics of Materials
- Statistical Variation in Material Properties
- Answers to selected problems and questions
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- INDEX
preface
The design of safe, reliable, and economical machines, vehicles, and systems requires the efficient use of materials and the avoidance of structural defects. It is therefore appropriate for an undergraduate degree to study the mechanical behavior of materials, particularly deformation, fracture, and fatigue.
You can use this book as an undergraduate or graduate textbook on the behavior of materials mechanics, or as a first-level text for graduate students, with a focus on the subsequent chapters. Coverage includes traditional topics in the field, such as materials testing, yielding and plasticity, stress-induced fatigue analysis, and creep. The book also discusses and covers in detail new methods of comparative fracture mechanics and fatigue analysis. This book offers a comprehensive resource for teaching the course to practicing engineers with a bachelor’s degree.
The emphasis on analytical and predictive methods is beneficial to the machine designer in preventing structural failures. In mechanical engineering, properties such as yield strength, fracture toughness, and shear during fatigue or impacts largely measure the material’s resistance to fracture. Understanding the limitations and meanings of data is crucial for the intelligent use of resources. Therefore, we discuss tests of devices used in various fields before delving into analytical and predictive methods. In many areas, technology for metals is more advanced than for metals. However, we include information and examples for nonmetals like polymers and ceramics where appropriate. More anisotropic materials, such as reinforced fiber composites, are also considered, but to a lesser extent. We do not attempt a detailed treatment of complex materials here.
The remainder of the preface reflects the changes made in this new document. We aim to assist users of this book, including students, teachers, and practicing engineers, with the following suggestions.
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS ELECTION?
This fourth edition shows an improvement over the third book and is generally modern. The review primarily concentrates on updating questions and end-of-chapter prompts, with 35% introducing new or modified prompts, thereby increasing the overall count to 659. At least 33% of the questions and queries in each section are new or changed, and these updates focus on the main topic, on which teachers can focus more.
This edition features approximately half of the questions and problems that necessitate numerical values or the creation of new equations at the book’s conclusion.
We have reorganized and updated the endpoint directory to include the latest releases, including source archives.
We have updated the discussion of S-N curve equations in Chapter 10 to reflect changes in commonly used literature.
Chapter 12 presents an example problem that illustrates the stress-strain curve. Additionally, Chapter 12 introduces a new example and deepens the discussion of stress.
The effects of stress on mental health are the subject of an updated article in Chapter 14.
The chapter on shear flow in pile problems has been moved to Chapter 15, where it can be discussed within the scope of the temperature term.
REQUEST Fundamental mechanics of materials, also called strength of materials or mechanics of flexible bodies, provides an introduction to the analysis of stresses and strains in structural components such as beams and trusses for structural behavior. Completion of such regular courses (usually the second year) is an important requirement for the treatment offered here. Appendix A contains some useful information and practical resources from this chapter, as well as a comprehensive review of Plastic Analysis.
Many engineering courses typically include introductory science courses in their second year, covering topics such as crystallinity, the nature of dislocations and other defects, transformation processes, materials processing, and maintenance systems. Prior exposure to this unit of study is also necessary. However, since the requirements may be missing, the first breakdown is given in parts 2 and 3. Main color numbers are also needed. Some examples and problems for students include basic statistical analysis, such as linear least squares regression, equation solving, and numerical integration. Therefore, some background knowledge in these areas is useful, such as the ability to program on a personal computer and perform statistical analysis. Various introductory books on the subject, such as Chopra (2010), contain entries in the basic index and describe the required statistical analysis.
WORKS AND REFERENCES At the end of each chapter is a reference list indicating sources of additional reading and information. We categorize these lists into areas like general information, resource materials, and useful books. The bibliography provides the first author’s name and the year of publication when citing a book, facilitating quick reference retrieval in the chapter’s index.
Indented information, such as [Richards 61] or [ASM 88], along with two numbers indicating the year of publication, identifies specific information or images from other publications. The book includes all such bibliographic material in a single column at the end.
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