Content
- INTRODUCTION
- DECLARATION OF AUTHORITIES
- GOOD THOUGHTS
- QUOTES ABOUT THINGS
- FIND A GIRL
- USED GIRLS’ GAMES
- GIRL WORKER
- CAGE BRIDGES
Preface
Bridges have always fascinated people, whether it is the first bridge over a canal or one of the longest bridges of modern times. People built bridges to cope with environments where certain obstacles, such as rivers, valleys, or roads, blocked the path they wanted to cross. Without bridges, we would have no transportation system. Their existence allows millions of people, cars, and trains to travel every day and go wherever they want. It is clear that our economy and society cannot function without construction technology.
One of the most complex construction projects is bridge construction, which attracts and solves the problems of civil engineering. This type of design requires knowledge and experience. Depending on the type of bridge under consideration, a variety of bridge systems are available. Examples of bridge systems are wooden short and span bridges, span bridges, and fixed span and span bridges.
This book covers general bridge design with an emphasis on bridge systems commonly used to bridge short to medium spans (plate girder bridges, girder bridges, and truss bridges). College students and practicing engineers are the target audience for this book.
The book divides its content into two parts: The first four chapters deal with the design of bridges in general, while the other four chapters deal with the design of specific types of bridges. Chapter 1 describes various steel bridge construction systems. Section 2 presents the design loads for the railway bridge. Section 3 presents the design process. Chapter 4 deals with the design of roads and railways. Chapter 5 covers the design of plates. Chapter 6 covers the design of the plate. Chapter 7 covers the design of the bridge. Chapter 8 deals with cage design.
The author hopes this book will help engineers design and build safe and economical steel bridges.
Moving has always been necessary for people and their belongings. Historically, waterways were employed whenever available. However, navigable waterways may not always run in the desired direction, and they may not be available at all times. Therefore, it became necessary to construct land transportation systems and devise strategies for bridging canals and valleys. Road and railway expansion has thus become an absolute requirement for economic development. Building land transportation was a prerequisite for the rapid economic expansion of Europe, the United States, and Japan. Even now, a major problem that has caused many countries to lag behind in economic development is a lack of adequate land transportation systems. Bridges play a significant role in land transportation systems. A bridge is a structure that conveys a service (such as highway or railway traffic, a footpath, public utilities, etc.) over an obstacle (such as another road or railway, a river, a valley, etc.) and then transmits the weights from the service to the ground-level foundations.
One can view the history of bridge engineering, which started with stone and wooden structures in the first century BC, as the evolution of civil engineering itself. It is impossible to date humanity’s idea and construction of the first bridge. Perhaps the original thought of bridge building came from nature. The concept of a bridge could have originated from a tree trunk that had fallen across a canal. Early bridges were modest, short spans made of stone slabs or tree trunks. Two trees draped strands of bamboo or vine between them, forming a suspension bridge across a creek. Over the last two centuries, new materials like plain, reinforced, and pre-stressed concrete; cast iron; wrought iron; and steel have steadily become available. Historical records indicate that a chain bridge in Prussia in 1734 marked the first use of iron in bridge construction. France first used concrete for a 12-meter span bridge in 1840. Bridge construction did not employ reinforced concrete until the early twentieth century. Pre-stressed concrete was introduced in 1927. These advancements, together with breakthroughs in structural engineering and construction technology, resulted in the introduction of several types of bridges with increasingly longer spans and higher load-carrying capacities.
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