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Preface
.Over the past century, remarkable advances in medicine and public health have contributed to dramatic improvements in the quality of life. Diseases of aging are now the leading cause of death in humans. However, the limitations of disease-specific treatment arise from the fact that many chronic diseases develop concurrently with the disease, and the treatment of a single disease often significantly contributes to the overall burden of the disease. As a result, diseases of aging are more common and more difficult to treat in older patients. The changing landscape of adult medicine presents us with a significant challenge.
Anti-aging therapies offer enormous potential in combating aging-related diseases. However, in order to control, slow down, or reverse aging, it is necessary to understand its basic mechanisms. For instance, we now widely accept that organisms gradually lose their epigenetic information throughout their life cycle, which disrupts cellular homeostasis. Epigenetic biomarkers of aging (old clocks) can estimate the age of organisms with a variety of training methods, even if based solely on changes in DNA methylation during aging. It’s intriguing to note that early pregnancy results in the regaining of epigenetic information lost during natural reproduction and cell cycle replication4,5,6. This strategy is consistent with the concept of reprogramming-induced renewal (RIR)7, a recently discovered study in which older cells can revert to a more youthful state through prescription or medical treatment8,9. The process of stem cells differentiating into iPSCs (inducible pluripotent stem cells) usually leads to RIR 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16. In this perspective, we discuss recent advances in this field, provide insight into how it relates to the nature of aging and resilience, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages and explanatory potential of this RIR.
Partially reprogramming cells has been shown to improve the function of human muscle cells10, change the metabolome of an aging mouse in vivo11, bring back higher levels of human dermal fibroblasts12, and change the epigenetic clock in vitro10,12,13. Restore the functional capacity of mice, prevent age-related genetic changes, and extend the lifespan of wild-type mice. The clinical potential of partial resections is undeniable, but the technology has its pitfalls. We discuss the future direction of therapeutic software and the biological mechanisms supporting RIR. Finally, we discuss the safety issues of partial resection and the importance of RIR separation.
Possible treatment for partial recurrence Partial regeneration has therapeutic potential due to its ability to renew cells. There are two basic methods that can help determine how to treat this condition. The ability to fight aging without cell properties makes biological regeneration a complex but direct method. Anti-aging techniques offer the potential to produce drugs that are more effective and efficient than those aimed solely at slowing aging. There are two ways to achieve biological regeneration. First, we could directly modify the microbiome to give each cell an adult body with 4 Fs (OSKM, Yamanaka’s four factors), but we currently prohibit modifying the human genome for safety and ethical reasons. Other methods involve delivering Yamanaka elements in DNA or mRNA form using gene therapy systems.
The inadequacy of existing distribution systems in specific areas limits the system’s functionality. However, with further progress in this approach, more efficient and effective stem cell treatments will become possible. So far, most in vivo cell-based studies have been done on chimeric OSKM-deficient mice 8, 11, 15, and 18. The only one that didn’t use the AAV9 delivery system to deliver the OSK16 factor was the one that used a different method.
In the near future, tissue- or system-specific reprogramming is more likely to yield better results as a therapeutic measure, as partial reprogramming is likely to produce different results in different areas.
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