3rd Edition
Content
- FOREWORD
- NOTE TO STUDENTS AND TEACHERS
- NOTE TO MANAGERS
- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL WORKS AND MATERIALS
- Chapter 2: GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SOIL PROPERTIES
- CHAPTER 3: PROFIT OF THE COUNTRY
- CHAPTER 4: PHYSICAL EARTH AND SOIL CONDITIONS
- Chapter 5: Land Connections
- CHAPTER 6: ONE-DIRECTIONAL FLOW OF WATER IN SOIL.
- Chapter 7: “The Energy of the World”
- Chapter 8: Rules for Notifying Field Exercises
- CHAPTER 9: SOIL CAPACITY AND SHALLOW WORKING
- Chapter 10: Articles
- CHAPTER 11 TWO-DIMENSIONAL EARTH WATER
- CHAPTER 12: PROGRESS BACK-BACK
- APPENDIX
- APPENDIX C DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT STEPS WITH BACK
- AFTER THE FIRST WORLD APPENDIX D (KERISEL AND ABSI, 1990)
- WORKS
- SEE
Preface
We wrote this book for first-year courses in soil mechanics and foundations. It has three main purposes. The first is to present the basic principles and fundamentals of soil mechanics in a simple pedagogy, taking advantage of students’ backgrounds in mechanics, physics, and mathematics. The second is the integration of existing learning principles, teaching techniques, and learning tools to help students understand various topics in soil mechanics and foundations.
The third step is to equip students with solid knowledge to introduce them to lifelong technological challenges.
Some of the key features of this book are:
• The presentation of topics is clear and systematic, explaining basic concepts and principles without sacrificing technical accuracy.
We solve numerous example problems to illustrate basic concepts and applications of basic principles, or to provide additional information.
• Each example’s answer precedes a strategy, which teaches students to consider the problem’s solution before solving it. Each answer provides a step-by-step guide to guide the student through problem solving.
• The “To Do” list at the beginning of each chapter informs readers about what they need to learn after studying each chapter and helps students take responsibility for learning the material.
This book includes web-based content such as interactive animations, interactive problem solving, step-by-step examples, virtual soil labs, e-quizzes, and more.
As computers, computer applications, and software become more widespread and accessible, students are likely to incorporate these tools into their applications. For this reason, we present computer functions and general equations instead of tables for students to enter into calculators.
The third book effectively adapts the content of the first two:
• Chapter Updates: For ease of use, we have divided many chapters in the second book into several sections.
• Content improvements: We have enhanced the content of each chapter by adding updated resources and additional information. Specifically, the development of physical proofs not only aids in explaining soil behavior but also serves as the foundation for practical problems.
• Examples and Questions—We have incorporated numerous examples and expanded the number of questions to include “real life” facts. We have given descriptive titles to the examples to make them easier to find.
Each chapter aims to achieve coherence through the organization of directly interconnected topics. This task in geotechnical engineering is quite challenging due to the interrelated nature of the topics involved.
We have made efforts to classify subjects based on their direct correlation with physical attributes.
The subject matter includes soils, mechanical behavior, and the application of concepts to the analysis of geotechnical systems. The chapter arrangement ensures that earlier chapters address the prerequisite knowledge for each chapter.
Chapter 1 establishes the foundational context for educating students on the significance of geotechnical engineering. Chapters 2 to 5 consolidate the majority of subjects concerning the physical properties of soils. Chapter 2 addresses fundamental geology, soil composition, and particle dimensions. Chapter 3 pertains to soil investigations and encompasses both in situ and laboratory testing. Chapters 4 to 10 will elucidate the rationale for these tests. Chapter 4 presents phase relationships, index properties, soil classification, and compaction. Chapter 5 elucidates soil compaction and its significance.
Chapter 6 addresses one-dimensional water flow and wellpoints.
Chapter 7 addresses stresses, strains, and elastic deformation in soils. Students would have encountered the majority of this chapter’s content in their statics and strength of materials classes. Initial computations for the analysis and design of geotechnical systems frequently employ elasticity. We present and analyze the application of elasticity to determine stresses and settlement in soils.
We delineate the stress resulting from applied surface loads typical in geotechnical problems. Students are acquainted with states of stress and strain, as well as stress and strain invariants. We underscore the significance of effective stresses and seepage in soil mechanics.
Chapter 8 delineates stress paths. This text discusses fundamental formulations and illustrations of stress paths.
We discuss drained and undrained conditions in relation to elasticity. Chapter 9 presents the fundamental concepts of consolidation along with methodologies for calculating consolidation settlement. We design the theory of one-dimensional consolidation to equip students with the theoretical framework for interpreting soil consolidation settlement and the necessary parameters for calculating the time rate of settlement. We outline the oedometer test and the methodologies for determining the various parameters for settlement calculations.
Chapter 10 addresses the shear strength of soils and the necessary tests, both laboratory and field, for its assessment. The student examines the criteria for failure by applying their knowledge of material strength (Mohr’s circle) and statics (dry friction). We regard soils as a dilatant-frictional material, rather than the traditional cohesive-frictional one. We present and analyze the typical stress-strain responses of sand and clay. We examine the effects of drained and undrained conditions on soil shear strength. We outline the procedures for laboratory and field tests to determine the shear strength of soils.
The article outlines the soil failure criteria and discusses their limitations.
Chapter 11 diverges from conventional undergraduate textbook subjects by addressing soil consolidation and strength as interconnected phenomena. This chapter integrates deformation and strength within the framework of critical state soil mechanics utilizing a simplified version of the modified Cam-clay model. The focus is on comprehending the mechanical behavior of soils instead of detailing the mathematical formulation of critical state soil mechanics and the modified Cam-clay model. We limit the quantity of mathematics to what is necessary for understanding and clarifying essential concepts. Forecast
We use geometry to illustrate how soils respond differently to changes in loading in both drained and undrained conditions. This chapter talks about how to simplify and idealize real soils. However, its main benefit is that it gives students a simple framework to think about how soil might react when conditions change from what was expected at the start, which happens a lot in engineering practice. It also enables them to more accurately interpret soil test results and assess potential soil responses under varying loading conditions.
Chapter 12 discusses the bearing capacity and settlement of footings in detail. Chapter 12 addresses the bearing capacity and settlement as a unified subject. In foundation design, the geotechnical engineer must ensure that the bearing capacity is adequate and that the settlement under working load is acceptable. For the majority of shallow footings, settlement dictates the design rather than bearing capacity. There is a talk about limit equilibrium analysis to show how the well-known bearing capacity equations were made. The talk builds on what students already know about statics (equilibrium) and introduces a simple but powerful analytical tool. We present a collection of bearing capacity equations for general soil failure, widely utilized in geotechnical practice. We simplify these equations by classifying them into two types: one for drained conditions and another for undrained conditions. We discuss Skempton and Bjerrum’s (1957) settlement method and the elastic, one-dimensional consolidation method. Gazetas et al. (1985), who addressed issues related to the Janbu, Bjerrum, and Kjaernali (1956) method often referenced in textbooks, founded the elastic method for determining settlement. We demonstrate how to apply the knowledge from Chapter 11 to the design of shallow footings.
Chapter 13 delineates and examines pile foundations. The chapter presents methods for determining the bearing capacity and settlement of individual and grouped piles.
Chapter 14 addresses two-dimensional steady-state flow in soils. The discussion encompasses solutions to two-dimensional flow utilizing flownets and the finite difference method. We emphasize seepage, pore water pressure, and instability. This chapter typically appears early in the majority of contemporary textbooks. We place this chapter here because Chapters 15 and 16 will discuss the impact of two-dimensional flow on the stability of earth structures, such as retaining walls and slopes. A student would then be able to easily establish the practical connection between two-dimensional flow and the stability of geotechnical systems.
In Chapter 15, we learn about lateral earth pressures and how to use them to figure out how to design earth-retaining systems and do basic braced excavations. The discussion encompasses gravity and flexible retaining walls, as well as reinforced soil walls. We provide recommendations on the strength parameters that apply in both drained and undrained conditions.
Chapter 16 addresses slope stability. This document delineates stability conditions predicated on drained or undrained scenarios.
Appendix A provides convenient access to commonly utilized standard soil parameters and correlations.
In Appendix B, you can find charts that show how the vertical stress and elastic settlement of circular foundations that are loaded evenly change over time. Appendix C includes charts for calculating the increases in vertical stress for uniformly loaded circular and rectangular footings situated on finite soil layers.
Appendix D includes charts for calculating lateral earth pressure coefficients as presented by Kerisel and Absi (1990).
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