Concrete Technology Series
Content
- TESTS FOR AGGREGATES, PORTLAND CEMENT, AND MORTAR Test Description (ASTM Designation)
- Rodded Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregates
- Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
- Specific Gravity and Absorption Tests of Course and Fine Aggregates
- Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate withinside the Los Angeles Machine
- Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
- Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates
- Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
- Tensile Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
- Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement via way of means of the Vicat Needle
- Fineness of Portland and Other Hydraulic Cements via way of means of Air Permeability Apparatus
- Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate
- Index of Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture
- Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
- Standard Specifications for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
- TESTS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
- Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
- Flexural Strength of Concrete Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading
- Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content of Concrete
- Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
- Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete via way of means of the Volumetric Method
- Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens withinside the Laboratory
- Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete via way of means of the Pressure Method • Bond Strength of Concrete Developed with Reinforcing Steel
- Ball Penetration in Fresh Portland Cement Concrete
- Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression
- Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
- Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete via way of means of the Swiss Hammer
- Direct Tensile Test of Portland Cement Concrete
- APPENDICES
- Measurement Conversion Factors among the S.I.System and the U.S.Standard Units
- Laboratory Rules of Safety and Procedures
- Tables of Portland Cement Specifications from ASTM Designation
- Concrete Admixtures and Other Cementitious Materials
- Development of ASTM Standards
- Sample Course Outlines for 10-Week and 15-Week Laboratory Sessions
- Bibliography Additional Copies of Laboratory Data Sheet
Preface
The purpose of this book is to provide construction and engineering students with information about the two most important building materials, Portland cement (PC) and concrete cement (PCC). People often make the mistake of using these words interchangeably. The purpose of the book is to help students understand PC and PCC through the physical handling and testing of these materials in the laboratory. Although written primarily for use at the university level, the book can also serve as a reference for graduate engineers and laboratory technicians.
The main text of this book is divided into several parts. The first describes how target classes are designed, mixed and measured for different factors in a specific field called Mixing Design. Part II describes testing of concrete materials other than water, namely Portland cement, aggregate, and mortar. Part III covers some basic methods for measuring various energy parameters in accordance with the American Society of Materials (ASTM) standard. It is possible that there will never be enough laboratory space to complete all testing procedures, even over a 15-week period.
The test methods contained herein are intended to accurately reflect specific ASTM standards, with variations sometimes determined by school laboratory deadlines. Therefore, in some cases, for example, when investigating the specific gravity and absorbance of whole substances, modifications were made to the standard 3-hour laboratory method. The feature of all products using hydraulic cement is the distance and time required to pass the standard test. Therefore, a significant amount of time must pass between planning and testing. This complicates the planning process when designing sites in Portland cement concrete and makes the laboratory unique. Sample courses for a 10-week term and a 15-week term are included in Appendix F. It is recommended that an additional 5, weeks per term be used for additional testing of aggregates, cement, and concrete. The same amount of time is shown to be spent testing Portland cement concrete in both programs.US It is in the process of transitioning from the American measurement system to S.I. (International System of Measurement). Since both will be used at some point, S.I. will be the primary standard represented by the park’s American standard equivalent. Simple switching between the two systems is used. Therefore, no two parameters are the same.
MONEY FOLLOWS PORTLAND and technology Portland cement consists of three main components: Portland cement, aggregate and water. There is also a list of other materials, called additives, that can be added to achieve certain properties. These include air retarders, accelerators, accelerators, carbon black, fly ash, pozzolans, silica fume, water reducing agents, superplasticizers, etc. takes place. The use of this mixture is a separate matter for experienced professionals and is therefore generally considered inappropriate for inclusion in the main text of this book. However, a brief additional discussion is provided below in Appendix D. WE Dovetails materials can be made of plastic and gradually harden to form a stone-like artifact called sometime. Hydraulic cement, Portland and natural cement and lime are the main cement materials used in the process. With the addition of water, they become plastic and the mixture hardens. Another basic type of cementitious material is asphalt, which is plasticized by heating, pouring, or adding material.
Hardening processes are completely different from hydraulic processes, which require a hydrate process to harden. This book covers only one type of hydraulic cement, Portland, but natural cements will be briefly mentioned due to their historical importance.
The first known cement is pozzolanic cement, first used by the Romans more than 2000 years ago. It is made from a mixture of lime and volcanic ash called pozzolana, found near the town of Pozzuoli, Italy. Natural cement has historically been made by burning tall rocks composed of clay and magnesium oxide to remove carbon dioxide and pulverize clinker. Compared to Portland cement, natural cement has lower strength, strength increases more slowly and is less common. Portland cement was first produced in 1824 in Portland, England, named after Joseph Asp din. It can be produced dry or wet. In wet conditions (Figure 1) the raw material is roughly mixed with the soil. In the dry process (Figure 2), the process is carried out with dry materials. Modification of selectors is done by adding clay or stone to known properties. Portland cement is obtained by finely pulverizing clinker, which is produced with a more advantageous compression function compared to clay and calcareous materials. The composition and properties of Portland cement are carefully controlled during production. Portland cement is available in a variety of basic forms and types specifically designed to meet different physical and nutritional needs. The most commonly used cement “
Type I – General or general use
Type II – Moderate sulphate resistance
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